Sons of the Legion?

Do some or our Riehle male lineages, and other identified lineages with surnames Mettler, Brentz and Sigle (now more commonly Siegle), descend from a man recruited by the Roman Legions from the Balkans in or about the Second Century CE? If so, are you a descendant of that recruit?

This Article has Four Objectives:

• To introduce the hypothesis that men from the Balkans, recruited by the Roman Legions in or around the second century CE, carried their regionally prevalent E-V13 Y-DNA to various garrison areas within the empire.
  
• To consider specific genetic evidence suggesting that certain men of an identified E-V13 haplogroup subclade, not closely related to each other but with ancestral and probably regional ties within the Balkans, were recruited into the legions during this second century timeframe and were dispatched to various such garrison areas across western Europe.
  
• To consider related genetic evidence suggesting that among recruits from this subclade was a man dispatched to the Swabian region; that a man who descended from this recruit later originated a further identified mutation, defining a new Y-DNA subclade; and that several subsequent descendants from this new subclade included men who took on the following identified surnames:
  • Riehle, Riele, Reihle, Rhule, Riehl, Reel or similar
  • Sigle, Siegle, Siegel, Sigel, Siglin, Siegler, Seigler, Seagle, Sigley or similar
  • Brentz, Rentz, Printz, Prince or similar
  • Mettler, Metler, Mitler, or similar
    
    (Each of the above represents a single surname lineage with varied spelling)

• To encourage additional men with Riehle, Sigle, Brentz and Mettler surnames, or derivatives of these surnames, to do Y-DNA genetic testing.
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Summary of Relevant Genetic Science and Testing

It is beyond the scope of this article to provide even a moderately good explanation of the human Y-chromosome and the varied haplogroups that characterize these chromosomes across the species. Nonetheless we present here some introductory remarks concerning concepts which are relevant to the balance of this article. For a more general introduction to the topic, see Wikipedia or a host of other sites you can find through an online search.

• A commonly accepted but unproven theory holds that all males living today descend from a single man (“Adam”) who lived in Africa between 237,000 and 581,000 years ago. Adam is placed in Haplogroup “A” with all other haplogroups branching out from there. (See the full Y-DNA Haplotree with its many branches.)
  
• New mutations have continued to occur over the centuries with each new mutation carried by a proportionally smaller subset of the species. The more recent the mutation (relative to its predecessor mutations), the fewer men will carry it.
  
• As more men have their Y-DNA analyzed, more are matched to any given haplogroup. However each individual has “private” variants which are not associated with currently-defined haplogroups. With still more tests, the identification of private variants in multiple testers leads to a such a variant, or groups of variants, being labeled and placed on the haplotree in a new subclade.
  
• As a result, the most granular levels of haplogroup identification continue to change as additional variant details are identified and labeled. With the explosion of individuals getting tested and the very detailed tests that are now available through services such as Family Tree DNA, deeply nested haplogroup subclades based on ever more rare mutations are being documented.
  
• The more detailed one’s haplogroup subclade identification (variant profile) the fewer men will match that profile. A more detailed subclade identification also means the men included in the subclade are more closely related, having descended from a common ancestor in whom the most recent, subclade-defining mutations originated.

Y-DNA test results managed by the individuals responsible for this webpage are within several such defining mutations and this group communicates with additional identified Family Tree Y-DNA participants within these haplogroups. The tested men represented here are the most closely related to each other out of over 214,000 Family Tree DNA SNP-tested participants having over 50,000 Y-haplogroup branches and 460,000 variants. Recent Y-DNA testing, encouraged and/or sponsored by several of these individuals, has led to the establishment of several new and more detailed haplogroup subclades.
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High Level Internet Review of Research into the Spread of the E-V13 Haplogroup from the Balkans via Roman Military Expansion and Recruiting

We did not originate the theory that men of the E-V13 haplogroup were recruited by Rome and garrisoned along the Rhine and in Britain. And while we have not exhausted the review of literature related to E-V13 migration via Roman military expansion, we are aware of several references in which the topic is explored. Note that the first two listed were significantly limited in their research by the relative dearth of Y-DNA SNP test results relative to what is available in 2024.

• Haplogroup E3b1a2 [E-V13] as a Possible Indicator of Settlement in Roman Britain by Soldiers of Balkan Origin (Bird 2007)
  
• Argonauts of the West Balkans? Origins, spread and distribution of Haplogroup E-V13, v.1.2, Raf Ceustermans, 2017-04-29
  
• Ongoing Family Tree DNA sanctioned project linking Balkan based E-V13 to Baden, Switzerland and UK

By the second century, much of the Balkans was comprised of Roman provinces with populations granted Roman citizenship and eligibility for recruitment into the Roman Legions. Notwithstanding this, our hypothetical recruit may have been among auxiliary troops recruited from the area or otherwise associated with the spread of Roman military and administrative influence in western Europe under the leadership of the Legions.

Specific Genetic Evidence of a Subclade of E-V13, Likely Originating in the Balkans, Being Spread to Multiple Regions of the Western Roman Empire Early in the First Millennium:
~ E-V13 Subclade E-BY4793 ~

While some sources indicate E-V13 originated in the Balkans about 4000 to 7000 years ago (FTDNA, NIH, others), under any accepted scenario, its rapid growth dates from this period and its spread throughout Europe emanated from this base. The highest concentrations of E-V13 continue to be found in the Balkans today.

Several subclades further out on the haplotree we find E-BY4793, with about 2.4% of identified E-V13 test participants within the Family Tree Y-DNA test group.

(We wish to point out that this E-V13 test group, which is a portion of the broader Family-Tree Y-DNA testing population, is not necessarily representative of the total E-V13 population or of the male population in general. This test population is skewed to whatever extent by test participants who are more likely to be North American or Western European.)

E-BY4793 split off from its parent E-FGC11450 approximately 2900 years ago (+/- 550, with 84% likelihood prior to 652 BCE and 97.5% likelihood before 425 BCE). This places the associated mutation comfortably prior to the early CE era when the Roman military became increasingly staffed by mercenaries from around the empire. It also predates all but the earliest spread of E-V13 during the Hellenization era. Moreover, we do not find evidence of E-BY4793 in Sicily, Southern Italy or other areas of the Mediterranean outside the Balkans. Had the subclade originated in any such area outside of the Balkans, we would expect to see a concentration of this or further subclades in such an area. So while the evidence is not conclusive, this timing and the spread of the E-BY4793 mutation suggests it originated in the Balkans.

Subsequent to the new E-BY4793 mutation there would have been at least several hundred years before the Romans began significant recruitment in the Balkans, so the mutation would have had enough time to spread modestly within whatever region it first occurred. By the time the Romans began recruitment, men with the E-BY4793 mutation would have been unlikely to recognize many of their fellows as relatives, but there would likely have been somewhat of a regional concentration of such men. As the Romans began to recruit military manpower from the Balkans and if we are correct that the Romans recruited from an area with a pool of E-BY4793 men, this regional proximity might have made it more likely that a significant number of such men were recruited over a number of decades and dispatched to a variety of garrison areas.

While we don’t know for certain the E-BY4793 mutation occurred in the Balkans, we have even less certainty about where in the Balkans it took place. Clues do exist however, with E-V13 currently at it’s highest concentration in Kosovo (45%) and among Kosovar Albanians (44%), making northern Albania an area for consideration. Where exactly this E-BY4793 mutation occurred and where legionnaires with this variant might have been recruited is not central to the main focus of this article however so for those interested, we take these questions elsewhere for further consideration.

Given the disproportionate American and Western Europeans participation within the study group it is hardly surprising that subclades of E-BY4793 show test-subjects with relatively recent roots traced to Western Europe, but there are also branches (subclades) showing test-subjects primarily in eastern Europe and in the Balkans. Subclades of E-BY4793 which originated after the second century CE tend to show test subjects from dispersed locations, but wherever the location, within each such subclade the ancestral origins of the test-subjects are similar or historically related.

Note that techniques for determining “ancestral origins” or “genealogical origins” generally provide insights going back only a few hundred years (as opposed to thousands), so while the ancestors to whom such test-subjects trace their Y-DNA may have lived hundreds of years ago, this would be quite recent in the context of Y-DNA genetic mutations. In each of the cases discussed below, we trace one or more mutation that almost certainly occurred after the second century CE but generally well before the dates of identified genealogical origins.

Finally, please also note that its parent haplogroup, E-FGC11450, originated not long before E-BY4793 and shows similar dispersions among its other subclades, so while we could look at these other subclades of E-FGC11450 using a similar analysis (and others may wish to do so), we will focus on E-BY4793, given that this subclade is the one from which our subclades of interest derived.
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The following lists several E-BY4793 subclades and the genealogical origins of the related test-subjects:

(Note: Click on links to visualize the origination of subclades and recent ancestry of test-subjects. In each case the subclade under consideration will be highlighted by a red circle rather than other subclades with blue circles.)

• Subclade E-FT342418 reflects a mutation in a man who lived around 1000 CE. Nearly all of his tested descendants have male ancestry out of Switzerland, suggesting that sometime before this mutation a male ancestor might have migrated from the Balkans to what is now Switzerland. Our hypothesis is that this individual may have been associated with the Roman Legions.
  
• The E-FT242083 mutation originated between 1162 and 1623 (~95% confidence) with a point estimate of 1427. Related test subjects show ancestry clustered in the British Isles. Our theorized Balkan recruit would have arrived well before this, likely in the first half of the first millennium, and along with most Roman military personnel in ancient Britain, would likely have been garrisoned in what is now England. Some descendants of this recruit appear to have migrated west to Wales and Ireland while test subjects with a subsequent mutation (~17th century) are traced to England and Scotland.
  
• E-Z38485 most likely split off from E-BY4793 after the third century, with two further subclades, one showing testers with roots in Scotland and the other showing roots in Sweden. The subclade tied to the testers with only Swedish ancestry originated after the era when Vikings had gathered and enslaved people from throughout Britain.
  
• E-PH345 originated about 500 CE with the only test subjects’ identified ancestral link shown as Albania and Croatia, indicating that relatively recent male lineage ancestors of the test subjects had still been located in that area of the Balkans. Despite the disproportionate representation of Western Europeans, this suggests that ancestors of some E-BY4793 subclade test subjects remained in the Balkans beyond the period of Roman recruitment and throughout the middle ages. It also suggests the possible homeland of our E-BY4793 recruits.
  
• E-FT70140 originated in or around the 13th century and shows only test subjects of English, Scottish and American ancestry. We speculate this mutation occurred in England.
  
• E-BY165986 is the primary focus of our discussion and is addressed in more detail below. Briefly, our analysis identifies test subjects with ancestors primarily from an area of Southwestern Germany historically referred to as Swabia.

As anyone following the haplogroup links in the above section will recognize, the information related to each subclade represents a small sample with incomplete data. Certainly nothing is proven in this review. With that said, we do see a pattern in which test-subjects within each of a number of subclades of E-BY4793 are showing concentrations of their ancestors connecting nicely back to individual garrison areas within the Roman Empire. An exception to this, which also fits the hypothesis, is one subclade apparently remaining primarily in the Balkans (i.e., ancestors never recruited). As more men from the relevant area of the Balkans are tested by Family Tree DNA, we would expect to see many more mutations originating in that homeland.

So while not conclusive, our hypothesis that the Roman Legions recruited men with E-V13 Y-DNA from the Balkans and garrisoned them around the empire is consistent with these data. Certainly a number of mutations did occur from among men of the E-BY4793 haplogroup, with the various mutations dispersed widely across Western Europe, but with descendant carriers of each mutation linked with one another in geographic proximity.
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Further Discussion Concerning the Apparent Migration of an Individual to the Swabian Region, Subsequent to which a New Subclade Originated:
~ E-BY4793 Subclade E-BY165986 ~

As touched upon above, E-BY165986, a subclade of E-BY4793, is just one of the many such subclades that can be tied to areas garrisoned by the Roman military. We are theorizing that this E-BY165986 subclade may have originated in Swabia. We use the term Swabia or Swabian to represent the territory encompassed by parts of the modern German State of Baden-Wuttemberg to the north of Lake Constance and parts Northeastern Switzerland south of the lake. The name was used intermittently from the first century C.E. into modern times with ever evolving territorial associations, but for our purposes we are referring to the area described above.

Through much of its early history, military forces maintained by Rome remained to the west and south of the Rhine River, but by the Second Century CE, the area east of the Rhine (Latin: Rhenus) was subjugated by the Imperial Military (See Map). Military dominance around Lake Constance was established by 15 BCE and continued into the fifth century.

E-BY165986 likely originated with a mutation in a man living after the second century CE (~84% confidence), with similar confidence the mutation took place before 656 and a point estimate of 450. As of August 2024, a total of eleven (11) test subjects are traced to this haplogroup or to one or more descendant subclades.

Two of the eleven test subjects tied to this subclade were unable to identify their male origins back into Europe, although one traces his male ancestry back to an 18th century American with a German surname. The other nine (9) all trace their male ancestry to the Swabian region.

A test subject with an ancestral surname Brentz from the Baden/Swabian area is shown in the E-BY165986 haplogroup. He is the only one of the ten with no further subclade detail identified.

The name mentioned above with German or Swiss-German origin is Mettler. A test-subject with this name descends from Philip Metler who was born in Colonial New Jersey on Aug 19, 1765. No information is known about this individual’s Old World ancestry other than the likely Germanic origins of the name, but searching Google Maps for ‘Mitler’ and ‘Mittler’ we find place names and surnames in Switzerland and various parts of Germany including Baden-Württemberg. This individual and one other (who has not identified an ancestral homeland) are shown in E-BY165854, a subclade of E-BY165986.

The other eight (8) test subjects from E-BY165986 are in a another subclade of E-BY165986, identified as E-FTB1593. This haplogroup is statistically determined to have originated soon after the origination of E-BY165986.

Two of these test-subjects identify their most recent common male ancestor as Mathias Riehle, born in 1697, with further common ancestry identified through genealogical sources back to Markus Riehle, born in 1650. Both of these ancestors and the test subjects’ respective nineteenth century immigrant ancestors trace back to the town of Wagshurst near the Rhine River, within the territory of the 19th century Duchy of Baden. Based on several shared variants, in 2023 these two test subject were placed in a new subclade labeled as E-FTB92833.

In August 2024 another man with the surname Riehle but from an area in the Baden region approximately 44 km south of Wagshurst was added to subclade E-FTB92833. This man however lacked one of the variants of the Wagshurst Riehle’s. Accordingly, the Wagshurst Riehle’s were placed in a new subclade named for that variant, i.e., E-FTD87666.

Another group of five (5) tested individuals have surnames derived from Sigle (today more commonly Siegle) and are in a subclade of E-FTB1593 identified as E-FTB885. Two (2) of these are further placed in subclade E-FTD16928 with the other three (3) in the subclade E-FTB1650. Of these three, one has no further subclade identified and the other two (2) are in subclade E-FTB742.

Using documentary evidence and Y-DNA testing, they have confirmed the male line for all five back to the early 16th century in the old Duchy of Württemberg, to an ancestor with the name Siglin living in the area of Grossheppach. Additional evidence suggests possible descent from the 13th and 14th-century Siglin/Sigelin family of the nearby free imperial city of Esslingen (currently an unconfirmed theory and a work in progress). More information is available on request.

Descendants of the Riehle, Siegle, Brentz and Mettler lineages are cooperating in the publication and maintenance of this webpage. As additional test subjects are identified we will attempt to establish similar ancestral information and add them to this analysis. It is our hope to continue to broaden and share what we know about the descendants of the individual who may have come to the Swabia area early in the first millennium and who we hypothesize might have been a Roman military recruit. We welcome questions and comments below and if you believe you too may be a descendant of this lineage we ask you to read through the following section and consider Y-DNA testing.
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Appeal for Assistance to Ascertain the Extent of our Balkan Lineage in Association with These and Other Surnames

We know the tested individuals with these various surnames referenced here share a common ancestor. Testing by additional men with these names will determine if such men are also descendants of this same ancestor. Moreover, such testing may help determine the extent to which a significant portion of men with these surnames carry the mutations in question. In cases where testing does not provide a match to the mutations in question, it will identify other haplogroups which are nonetheless found among families with these various surnames and will provide a basis for new genetic genealogical enquiry.
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Appeal for Assistance: Surname Mettler (Metler, Mitler or similar)

We are interested in having anyone with these surnames participate in Y-DNA testing. Please contact us with a comment below, which will be kept private as appropriate and only published with your permission. A fuller discussion of the suggested Testing Program is provided below.
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Appeal for Assistance: Surname Brentz (Rentz, Printz, Prince or similar)

We are interested in having anyone with these or similar surnames participate in testing. Members of this lineage have traced roots back to the American Revolution and beyond to Baden, Germany and we hope to explore relationships back further still through Y-DNA testing. Please contact us for additional information on this lineage or to discuss testing. A fuller discussion of the suggested Testing Program is provided below.
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Appeal for Assistance: Surname Riehle (Reihle, Riele, Rhule, Riehl, Reel or similar)

Aside for the Wagshurst lineage discussed above, we have several known Riehle lineages descending from men and women who emigrated from Baden and Wurttemberg. With the exception of the one test subject above from an area south of Wagshurst, for each of those other lineages we have either no Y-DNA haplogroup information or only uncertain or contradictory information. We are aware of no Y-DNA or genealogical evidence to conclusively connect any of these other lineages to the Wagshurst Riehle’s, for whom the E-V13 subclade E-FTB92833 is known to dominate.

As a result, we are looking for test participants from family segments with the following Baden-based ancestry:

• Joseph Eugene Riehle (1818-1892) – Emigrated from Baden to Upstate New York
• Brothers Martin & Armund Riehle – Emigrated from Baden to Cincinnati, OH
• Joseph Riehle – Sasbach (Achern) – Emigrated from Baden to Lafayette Indiana
• Carl Riehle and Four Adult Children – Emigrated from Baden to Kansas City, MO.
• Bartholomew Riehle – Emigrated from Offenburg Baden to Ohio and Later moved to Minnesota

We have no Y-DNA data for several of the Family Segments listed above. There is information on the Bartholomew line which leaves us with inconsistent haplogroup results. We would like to get additional haplogroup data, especially for all male-to-male lineage descendants of Bartholomew Riehle’s sons as follows:

• George Riehle – 1822–1858 – with sons:
  • William A. Riehle (1854–1940)
  • Anzell Riehle (1856–1938)
  • John Riehle (1858–1942)
• Henry (Heinrich) Riehle – 1846–1933 – with sons:
  • Joseph Bartholomew Riehle (1872–1955) 
  • George Lawrence Riehle (1884–1963)

We are also looking for Riehle’s from the following Württemberg lineages, with at least some members of the Mähringen Riehle families indicating haplogroup R-M405. We would like confirmatory information about this haplogroup and/or to gather information about additional haplogroups out of this region, potentially including E-V13:

• Johann Jacob Riehle – Mähringen,Württemberg to NYC
• Johann Adam Riehle – Mähringen, Württemberg to Ohio
• Sebastion Christian Riehle – Mähringen, Württemberg to Indiana
• Johann Georg Riehle – Mähringen, Württemberg to Washington State

Establishing Riehle E-V13/FTB92833 links into Württemberg could provide new insights into migration patterns across the various surname lineages over the past 600 years. Finding a Riehle with roots in Württemberg and Y-DNA mutations which include some, but not all of the E-FTB92833 defining mutations, would provide a strong indication of Württemberg Y-DNA roots and a possible descent from the Sigle lineage.

Notwithstanding the above specifics, we are interested in anyone with the Riehle, Reihle, Riele, Rhule, Riehl, Reel or similar surnames to participate. Please contact us with a comment below, which will be kept private as appropriate.

A fuller discussion of the suggested Testing Program is provided below.
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Appeal for Assistance: Surname Sigle (Siegle, Siegel, Sigel, Siglin, Siegler, Seigler, Seagle, Sigley or similar)

As mentioned above, the Sigle/Siglin line has been traced to the area of Grossheppach, Württemberg around 1500, with additional evidence suggesting possible descent from the Siglin/Sigelin family of nearby Esslingen in the 13th and 14th centuries. A number of descendants of the Grossheppach family have completed some level of Y-DNA testing (four of whom with enough genetic detail to be included in the FamilyTreeDNA timeline) and thus provide a solid foundation as additional Y-DNA evidence is gathered. 

Individuals from various other similarly-named families have also tested, confirming no relationship with the Siglins of Grossheppach. Those unrelated lines appear to be: the Siegeles of Ditzingen (and possibly Gerlingen), the Siegels of Neudorf (near Karlsruhe), the Siegels of Altshausen (near Ravensburg), and the Siegels of Zaisenhausen (and possibly Tisheim, near Karlsruhe).

We seek testers with the surname Sigle, Siegle, Siegel, Sigel, Siglin, Siegler, Seigler, Seagle, Sigley or similar, particularly those with origins (or potential origins) in the following areas of southwestern Germany:

As above, please contact us with a comment below, which will be kept private as appropriate and only published with your permission. For a more detailed discussion of the suggested testing, see below.
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Testing Program

This investigation is not affiliated with any funding source. Any costs for this webpage or our support for the various testing initiatives come out of the pockets of the several hobbyists involved. Accordingly, we would hope that those interested in participating might fund their own testing. To the extent this might represent a burden however, we are willing, even anxious, to consider assisting with such costs.

We anticipate two steps in this process, as follows:

The first step might be to do a less-thorough (and less expensive) testing to determine the individual’s high-level haplogroup. Such testing would yield Y-haplogroup information for the individual but could also provide additional information for the participant depending on the specific testing program, such as for example 23andMe. Please note that not all DNA testing programs provide Haplogroup data and specifically, Ancestry.com does NOT provide such data. We encourage you to touch base with us about your priorities and options before taking this first test.

If you already know you are E-V13 or if you are keenly interested in more detailed Y-Haplogroup information, you may wish to skip this first step.

The second step, for those with confirmed high-level haplogroup information, would be to take the Big-Y 700 test from Family Tree DNA. This will place the participant into a specific subclade of E-V13 and either confirm a close relationship with one of the identified surname lineages or otherwise help to determine other haplogroups to which men with these surnames are linked.

Even if you do not anticipate additional testing, if you already know your haplogroup, please contact us in confidence.
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Final Summary and Considerations

It is indisputable that the study coordinators have a common male ancestors who lived around 638 CE. While we hypothesize that this common ancestor could be a descendant of a man associated with the Roman Legion, the nature of the migration from the cradle of the E-V13 haplogroup into southwestern Germany remains speculative. We will continue to explore this theory with others in the genetic genealogy community and will update this webpage as appropriate.

Your participation may provide information about how the various descendant lineages of our common ancestors dispersed geographically or may otherwise expand the understanding of other Y-DNA links within various, less closely related family segments who share the identified surnames. We are confident that over time we will have increasing clarity about such inter and intra-surname connections and we invite you to participate in the research that will help build this understanding.

We hope you can participate in this research, helping us clarify the nature of our common ancestors. In the process you may find such participation advances your own genealogical research in ways that none of us anticipate.

Sources: Except for where otherwise indicated, the primary source for this discussion is the Family Tree DNA website, and primarily at the links given above and within the linked page for the various Y-DNA mutations. Additional detail about timeline probability ranges for the various mutations can be found by clicking “Scientific Details” from the menu to the left of each Family Tree DNA timeline graphic.

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Those involved with this article are continuing to
coordinate their efforts to research these Swabian haplogroups.
See our Group Project at Family Tree DNA:
E-BY165986 – An E-V13 Migration from the Balkans to Swabia

Two such participants assist in the administration of
Siegel and Riehle Surname projects at Family Tree DNA

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